HMPV vs. COVID-19: A Comparison of the Two Viruses and Their Risks

The HMPV virus is not a new discovery; it was initially isolated in 2001 by Van den Hoogen and her team in the Netherlands from the nasopharyngeal secretions of children experiencing respiratory tract infections. The virus was named human metapneumovirus because it was a metapneumovirus that used humans as a host.

Educational institutions in China have shut down due to a rise in HMPV infections; the World Health Organization is calling for comprehensive data regarding the outbreak.(Image credit: X/COVID19_disease)
Educational institutions in China have been shut down due to a rise in HMPV infections; the World Health Organization is requesting comprehensive data regarding the outbreak.(Image credit: X/COVID19_disease)

The human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a prevalent respiratory virus that generally leads to mild symptoms resembling those of a cold. Research indicates that it has been present in human populations since the 1970s, although it was first recognized by scientists in 2001.

The virus accounts for 4-16% of acute respiratory infections globally, with cases usually peaking between November and May. Although the majority of adults possess immunity due to prior exposure, hMPV can lead to more severe symptoms in infants experiencing it for the first time and in individuals with compromised immune systems.

In an interview with HT Lifestyle, Dr Sangeeta V Budur, Consultant - Paediatrics and Paediatric Intensive Care at Aster RV Hospital, shared, “It is known to cause a range of illnesses from mild upper respiratory infections to severe pneumonia , bronchiolitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. About 5 to 25% of the acute pediatric lower respiratory tract infections are associated with HMPV. The viral outbreaks peak in winter and spring season in northern hemisphere and June and July in southern hemisphere.”

Which demographic is at risk?

 "No age group is immune to the virus; reinfection occurs throughout life, but subsequent infections are mild," Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur disclosed. The severe disease is more likely to affect older people, children under two, infants, people with weakened immune systems, and people with underlying chronic illnesses. Almost all children are exposed to HMPV by the time they are five years old, suggesting that the infection is widespread.

In what way does it spread?

Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur claims that HMPV is transferred by respiratory droplets, which are released when someone coughs, sneezes, or comes into touch with contaminated secretions, just like any other respiratory disease.

What distinguishes it from COVID-19?

According to Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur, "Most infected individuals experience mild respiratory symptoms from both viruses, but Covid-19 has a wider range of symptoms affecting several body systems and a higher risk of systemic complications." Despite the fact that both viruses spread through respiratory droplets, it is challenging to compare them. HMPV is less contagious than COVID-19 and exhibits milder symptoms. 

What signs of the HMPV virus are present?

The majority of the symptoms are flu-like and last five to seven days, necessitating outpatient visits, Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur responded. However, HMPV accounts for 3–10% of hospitalizations in children under five. High-grade fever, respiratory distress, and wheezing are the most common symptoms among children in hospitals.

Which respiratory conditions are brought on by HMPV?

HMPV primarily causes upper respiratory tract infections in the majority of children, but it can also cause bronchiolitis, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in a small percentage of them, necessitating hospitalization, oxygen therapy, and mechanical ventilation, according to Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur.

How may an HMPV infection be diagnosed?

It is challenging to diagnose HMPV based only on symptoms since it can mimic other respiratory illnesses including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), according to Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur. The gold standard for identifying HMPV RNA in nasopharyngeal secretions is PCR testing. In India, respiratory viruses, including HMPV, are routinely tested for by surveillance programs like the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) and the ICMR.

What options are there for HMPV treatment?

No particular antiviral medication is on the market. Antipyretics and antihistaminics are used mostly as supportive and symptomatic treatments, according to Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur. Children in hospitals who have serious infections may require nebulizations, oxygen therapy, and infrequently, mechanical ventilation.

 

What are some ways to avoid HMPV?

There is currently no vaccination or specific treatment for HMPV. "Practice good hand hygiene by frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 30 seconds," said Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur. Wearing a mask and practicing cough etiquette, which involves covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, can help stop the virus from spreading. Other precautions include avoiding direct contact with infected people and routinely cleaning touched surfaces. 

Disclaimer: This material is intended to provide information only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult your doctor if you have any queries concerning a medical issue.